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"Each year, disasters and traumas are an all-too-common part of life for millions throughout the world. Sadly, those least prepared to deal with disaster often suffer the most," Arthur Rousseau, M.D., Public Information Committee Chair, Oklahoma Psychiatric Physicians Association, said. Dr. Rousseau added many people survive disasters without developing significant psychological problems. "However, as physical wounds begin to heal and the clean-up of wreckage and debris is well underway, the emotional wounds and emotional debris begin to surface," he said. Survivors of trauma have reported a wide range of psychiatric problems, including depression, alcohol and drug abuse, lingering symptoms of fear and anxiety that make it hard to work or go to school, family stress, and marital conflicts. But, the best known psychiatric disorder which occurs following a tragedy, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, cannot be diagnosed until 30 days following the traumatic event. "People suffering with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) often have persistent nightmares or flashbacks of the trauma," Dr. Rousseau said. "They may avoid reminders of the trauma or feel numb and have difficulty responding normally to average life situations. They may be on edge, have trouble sleeping, have angry outbursts, or seem excessively watchful. They may become badly depressed and begin to abuse drugs or alcohol as a way of medicating their painful feelings. And, this substance abuse can become active addiction."Dr. Rousseau added we must also remember that the effects of trauma are not limited to those affected directly by the events. Others may also suffer indirect effects from trauma - referred to as secondary traumatization. Those at risk include spouses and loved ones of trauma victims, people who try to help victims, such as police or firemen, and health care professionals who treat trauma victims, such as therapists and emergency room personnel, as well as journalists. Research into the effects of trauma have shown that, in general, the more devastating and terrifying the trauma is, the more likely it is that a person exposed to it will develop psychiatric symptoms. Aspects of the disaster or trauma which increase the likelihood of psychiatric distress include lack of warning about the event, injury during the trauma, death of a loved one, exposure to the grotesque (maimed bodies), darkness, experiencing the trauma alone, torture, and the possibility of recurrence. "It is important that a person who has been exposed to a disaster understand that he or she will probably have some of the symptoms as a normal response to an abnormal situation," Dr. Rousseau added. "These symptoms usually resolve over time. However, if they persist or interfere with the individuals ability to function normally, professional help should be sought. Also, talk about suicide, excessive guilt or anxiety and substance abuse are warning signs that require immediate professional attention."A variety of treatments are available for disaster related disorders. Talking treatment - such as individual, couples, family or group therapy - can be helpful. Psychiatric medications can also provide relief for the symptoms of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder and sleep disturbances. "One of the most important things a friend, family member or co-worker can do for someone who has been in a disaster or other trauma is to be a supportive, active listener," he said. "It is also important to realize that it may take weeks, months and sometimes years before a survivor of trauma is able to put the disaster behind him or her."For a brochure on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder or for referral for psychiatric care, contact the: Oklahoma Psychiatric Physicians Association The Oklahoma Psychiatric Physicians Association, is a district branch of the American Psychiatric Association. ###### |
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